BERSIH-BERSIH SETELAH MENGINSTAL WINDOWS

Setelah Anda sukses dalam instalasi Windows secara
lengkap maka perlu juga melakukan pembersihan terhadap
file-file tak terpakai yang hanya membuat harddisk penuh saja.
Biasanya, file-file ini hanyalah sampah yang harus segera
dibabat habis dari harddisk. Untuk itu lakukan beberapa
langkah berikut :
LANGKAH PERTAMA
Bersihkan harddisk dari file uninstall yang berada di C:\.
Nama file itu adalah w9xundo bertipe .dat berukuran antara
125-175MB.
Lakukanlah uninstall pada Delete Windows* uninstall
information dengan klik Add/Removes Programs dan
selanjutnya klik Yes. Tanda * menunjukkan sistem Windows yang
terinstal. Silakan menyesuaikan dengan sistem Windows
yang Anda pakai. Hati-hatilah! Jangan sampai salah
memilih pada langkah uninstall Windows, jika Anda lakukan maka
sistem operasi akan di-remove dari komputer.
LANGKAH KEDUA
Hapuslah isi folder Help yang berada di c:\windows\folder
yang besarnya sekitar 12MB. Pertimbangannya, kebanyakan orang
sudah kenal fasilitas yang ada pada Windows. Bahkan kadangkala
malas memakai fasilitas ini.
LANGKAH KETIGA
Jika Anda mempunyai CD instalasi Windows alangkah baiknya
untuk menghapus beberapa folder beserta isinya yang berada di
C:\Windows\sysbckup dan C:\Windows\vcm. Dengan mempunyai
CD, akan memudahkan Anda dalam mengatasi masalah
seandainya Windows mengalami masalah atau crash. Anda tinggal
instal ulang atau meng-copy file yang rusak dari CD tadi.
á Folder SYSBCKUP berisi back up system, lakukan saja
penghapusan semuanya kecuali file lzexpand.dll, NT1003.sys,
ver.dll dan rb000 sampai dengan 5 cabinet file. Kalau perlu
rb002 s/d rb005 habisi saja.
á Folder akan bernama VCM atau kadang bernama VCM.000 jika
anda instal ulang Windows dengan overwrite.
Kedua folder tadi berisi file duplikat back-up file-file system
yang hanya membuat harddisk semakin penuh sesak.

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis (SOFT SKILL ) 4

ACQUISITION OF CAPITAL

A corporation needs capital in order to start up, operate and expand its business. The process of acquiring this capital is known as financing. A corporation uses two basic types of financing : equity financing and debt financing. Equity financing refers to funds that are invested by owners of the corporation. Debt financing, on the other hand, refers to funds that are borrowed from sources outside the corporation.
Equity financing (obtaining owner funds) can be exemplified by the sale of corporate stock. In this type of transaction, the corporation sells units of ownership known as shares of stock. Each share entitles the purchaser to a certain amount of ownership. For example, if someone buys 100 shares worth of Ford’s resources, materials, plants, production, and profits. The person who purchases shares of stock is known as a stockholder or shareholder.
All corporations, regardless of their size, receive their starting capital from issuing and selling shares of stock. The initial sales involve some risk on the part of the buyers because the corporation has no record of performance. If the corporation is successful, the stockholder may profit through increases valuation of the shares of stock, as well as by receiving dividends. Dividens are proportional amounts of profit usually paid quarterly to stockholder. However, if the corporation is not successful, the stockholder may take a severe loss on the initial stock investment.
Often equity financing does not provide the corporation with enough capital and it must turn to debt financing, or borrowing funds. One example of debt financing is the sale of corporate bonds. In this type of agreement, the corporation borrows money from an investor in return for a bond. The bond has a maturity date, a deadline when the corporation must repay all of the money it has borrowed. The corporation must also make periodic interest payments to the bondholder during the time the money is borrowed. If these obligations are not met, the corporation can be forced to sell its assets in order to make payments to the bondholders.
All businesses need financial support. Equity financing (as in the sale of stock) and debt financing (as in the sale of bonds) provide important means by which a corporation may obtain its capital.



PENGUASAAN MODAL

Sebuah perusahaan membutuhkan modal untuk memulai, beroperasi dan memperluas bisnis. Proses penguasaan modal kita ketahui sebagai perolehan dana. Sebuah perusahaan menggunakan 2 tipe dasar dari perolehan dana; perolehan dari dana sendiri dan perolehan dana dari berhutang. Perolehan dari dana sendiri mengacu ke dana yang telah di investasikan pemilik perusahaan. Perolehan dana dari berhutang, sebaliknya, mengacu ke dana yang dipinjam dari sumber luar perusahaan.
Perolehan dari dana sendiri (perolehan dana dari pemilik) bisa di contohkan dari penjualan saham perusahaan. Di transaksi tipe ini, perusahaan menjual beberapa unit yang diketahui sebagai saham. Setiap saham memberi hak kepada pembeli dengan jumlah kepemilikan tertentu. Sebagai contoh, jika seseorang membeli 100 bagian nilai saham dari perusahaan ford motor, orang tersebut telah memberi seratus bagian nilai kekayaan ford, material, pabrik, produksi dan keuntungan. Orang yang membeli saham itu disebut pemegang saham.
Semua perusahaan tidak pandang besar atau kecilnya, menerima modal awal dari pengeluaran dan penjualan saham. Penjualan permukaan mempunyai banyak resiko di pihak pembeli karena perusahaan tidak mempunyai catatan kinerja. Jika perusahaan berhasil, pemegang saham memperoleh keuntungan melalui kenaikkan harga dari saham, juga menerima pajak. Pajak adalah sejumlah keuntungan yang proporsional yang selalu dibayar setiap tiga bulan ke pemegang saham, bagaimana pun jika perusahaan tidak berhasil atau sukses, pemegang saham dapat mengalami kerugian besar pada penjualan saham.
Biasanya perolehan dana sendiri tidak cukup modal dan perusahaan harus beralih ke perolehan dana dari berhutang, atau meminjam dana. Satu contoh dari perolahan dana berhutang adalah penjualan surat tanda berhutang perusahaan. Di dalam persetujuan, perusahaan meminjam uang dari penanam modal dalam mengembalikkan surat tanda berhutang. Surat tanda berhutang mempunyai tanggal jatuh tempo, batas waktu saat perusahaan harus membayar kembali semua uang yang telah dipinjam. Perusahaan harus juga melakukan pembayaran bunga berkala ke pemegang surat tanda berhutang selama uang dipinjam. Jika kewajiban ini tidak terpenuhi, perusahaan dapat dipaksa untuk menjual aset perusahaan untuk membayar ke pemegang surat tanda berhutang.
Semua bisnis membutuhkan dukungan dana. Perolehan dari dana sendiri (didalam penjualan saham) dan perolehan dana dari berhutang (didalam penjualan surat tanda berhutang) memberikan jalan yang penting dimana beberapa perusahaan mungkin kekurangan modal.

Mengatasi Masalah pada Harddisk

Sehebat apapun teknologi, semua tidak ada yang sempurna.

Selalu ada saja bugbug kecil yang mengganggu atau bahkan bug yang berakibat sangat serius. Itulah sebabnya, tidak selamanya instalasi pada harddisk dapat berjalan dengan mulus. Jika Anda termasuk salah satu

orang yang mendapatkan masalah saat memasang harddisk,

mungkin saya bisa membantu mengatasi masalah Anda.

pertama, pastikan komputer Anda dalam keadaan mati sebelum mengganti jumper, atau melepas

kabel! Jika Anda merasa telah menginstal harddisk dengan benar, tetapi harddisk Anda tidak

dapat bekerja dengan baik, berikut ini adalah hal-hal yang sepatutnya Anda periksa:

1. Periksa kompatibilitas

Pastikan harddisk yang Anda gunakan kompatibel dengan komputer Anda.

2. Periksa semua card yang Anda miliki

Periksa, apakah semua card yang Anda miliki telah terpasang dengan benar pada slotnya di motherboard.

3. Periksa semua konektor dan kabel

Pastikan semua kabel data dan kabel power terhubung dengan benar (pemasangan pin 1

harddisk atau pin 1 pada motherboard tidak terbalik). Periksa juga kabel data yang

dipakai karena kabel data dapat rusak dengan mudah, terutama pada bagian konektor. Kalau

masalahnya memang ada di sini, coba Anda gunakan kabel baru yang telah

Anda ketahui dapat berfungsi dengan baik. Yakinkan bahwa tidak ada satu pun pin konektor yang bengkok

atau patah yang menyebabkan koneksi ke harddisk tidak berjalan baik.

4. Periksa setting jumper

Baca instruksi pada buku panduan harddisk Anda dengan teliti mengenai setting jumper

yang benar. Pastikan semua jumper terpasang atau dilepas

dengan tepat. Kalau Anda hanya memiliki sebuah harddisk saja,

settinglah jumper harddisk tersebut pada posisi Primary

Master. Kalau ternyata Anda memiliki dua harddisk bertipe IDE

sekaligus, pastikan Anda mengatur setting jumper satu harddisk

pada posisi master dan yang lain pada posisi slave. Yang pasti, baca

aturan setting jumper secara cermat pada buku panduannya atau

melihatnya pada bagian punggung harddisk yang Anda miliki.

5. Periksa spesifikasi power supply Anda

Setiap kali Anda menambah hardware baru ke computer Anda, pastikan power supply

komputer Anda dapat mendukung jumlah total daya

yang dibutuhkan. Kalau Anda terlalu banyak memasang

hardware baru tanpa memperhatikan kemampuan

power supply yang Anda miliki, bisa jadi harddisk akan kurang

“bergigi” lantaran harddisk Cuma kebagian sedikit tenaga saat bekerja.

6. Periksa setting tipe harddisk pada BIOS

Pastikan setting tipe harddisk pada BIOS tidak melampaui batas

spesifikasi fisik dari harddisk Anda. Kalau Anda mengalami kejadian

semacam ini, bisa jadi sistem akan mengalami gangguan, bahkan

terkadang tidak bisa beroperasi sama sekali. Kemampuan PC Anda

dalam menampung kapasitas harddsik juga patut diperhatikan.

Terkadang, pada motherboardmotherboard lama, saat diberikan

harddisk baru yang berkapasitas besar, kapasitas harddisk yang

terbaca hanya separuh atau bahkan seperempatnya saja.

Kalau masalahnya demikian, jalan paling mudah adalah

memakai Disk Manager untuk mempartisi. Atau kalau Anda

punya motherboard lawas yang belum di-update, update- BIOS

pada motherboard tertentu bisa mengatasi masalah ini.

Pastikan suplai listrik tidak terganggu saat meng-update BIOS ini.

7. Periksa disket yang Anda gunakan dari infeksi virus

Sebelum Anda menggunakan disket milik seseorang ke

komputer Anda, baik itu milik kerabat atau anggota keluarga

Anda, selalu periksa disket tersebut dari infeksi virus dengan

menggunakan antivirus terbaru. Masalah pada harddisk memang

terkadang timbul dari virus yang datang tanpa permisi!

Nah, begitulah mengatasi masalah yang sering muncul pada

harddisk. Moga-moga bias membantu.

Tugas Bahasa Inggris at Soft Skill 3

Name : dony Arizki
Class : 3 DB 01
NPM : 30107530

THE BALANCE SHEET

Financial statements are the final product of the accounting process. They provide information on the financial condition of a company. The balance sheet, one type of financial statement, provides a summary of what a company owns and what it owes on one particular day.

Assets represent everything of value that is owned by a business, such as property, equipment, and accounts receivable. On the other hand, liabilities are the debts that a company owes-for example, to suppliers and banks. If liabilities are subtracted from assets (assets-liabilities) the amount remaining is the owners share of a business. This is known as owners’ or stockholders equity.

One key to understanding the accounting transactions of a business is to understand the relationship of its assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity. This is often represented by the fundamental accounting equation: assets equal liabilities plus owners’ equity.

ASSETS = LIABILITIES + OWNERS’ EQUITY

These three factors are expressed in monetary terms and therefore are limited to items that can be given a monetary value. The accounting equation always remains in balance; in other words, one side must equal the other.

The balance sheet expands the accounting equation by providing more informa- tion about the assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity of a company at a specific time (for example, on December 31, 1993). It is made up of two parts. The first part lists the company assets, andmthe second part details liabilities and owners’ equity. Assets are divided into current and fixed assets. Cash, accounts receivable and inventories are all current assets. Property, buildings, and equipment make up the fixed assets of a company. The liabilities section of the balance sheet is often divided into current liabilities
(such as bonds and long-term notes).

The balance sheet provides a financial picture of a company on a particular date, and for this reason it is useful in two important areas. Internally, the balance sheet provides managers with financial information for company decisionmaking. Externally, it gives potential investors data for evaluating the company’s financial position.

Comprehension

A.Answer the following questions about the balance sheet. Questions with asterisks (*) cannot be answered directly from the text.

1.What is the final product of the accounting process?

2.What is a balance sheet?

3.Does the balance sheet provide financial information for a long period of time (for example, January to June 1993) or does it provide information for a specific point in time (for example, on June 30, 1993)?

4.What is the difference between assets and liabilities?

5.How is owners’ or stockholders’ equity determined?

6.How can the relationship between assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity be repre- sented?

7.Does the accounting equation always remain in balance? *Why or why not?

8.How can business use a balance sheet? *As a manager, how would you find a balance sheet useful?

Answer:

1.The final product of the accounting process is the balance sheet.

2.A balance sheet is a final statement that provides a summary of what a company owns and what it owes on one particular day.

3.It provides information for a specific point in time, for example, on Jun 30, 1993.

4.Assets represent everything of value that is owned by a business, liabilities are the debts that is a company owes.

5.Owners’ or stockholders’ equity is determined by subtracting liabilities from assets.

6.It can be represented by the fundamental accounting equation assets equal liabilities plus owners’ equity.

7.Yes, it does. Because one side must equal the other. If not, it must be wrong with the recording.

8. A balance is useful for a business, because it provides a financial picture of a compa- ny on a particular day. It provides managers with financilal information for company decision making.

B.Complete the balance sheet by writing in the correct terms from the list bellow.

assets current liabilities long-term liabilities

liabilities fixed assets current assets

stockholders’ equity

International Manufacturing, Inc
Balance Sheet
December 31, 1993
Assets					Liabilities
Current assets					Current liabilities
Cash		$ 49,400			Accounts payable		$ 30,000
Accounts receivable		1,600			Income texes payable		19,000
Inventories		53,000			Total		$ 49,000
Total		$104,000			Long-term liabilities
Fixed assets					Bonds		$ 20,000
Property		$ 15,000			long-term liabilities		40,000
Buildings		50,000			Total		$ 60,000
Equipment		10,000
Total		$ 75,000			Total liabilities		$109,000
					Stockholders' equity
Total assets		$179,000			Common stock		$ 47,000
					Retained earnings		23,000
					Total		$ 70,000
					Total liabilities and
					stockholders' equity		$179,000

Vocabulary Exercises

A. Write down any term that you did understand in the reading. Find each term in the reading, look at its context, and try to figure out the meaning. Discuss these terms with your classmates.

B. Look at the terms in the left-hand column and find the correct synonyms or definition in the right-hand column. Copy the corresponding letters in the blanks.

1. G property (line 6) a. assets equal liabilities plus owners’ equity

2. D equal (line 12) b. provide information item by item

3. F condition (line 2) c. indicate by words or symbols

4. B detail (line 21) d. have the same value as

5. A accounting equation (line 12) e. a series of transactions, changes, or functi-ons that bring about a particular result

6. H monetary (line 15) f. the existing circumstance

7. E process (line 1) g. anything owned by a person

8. C express (line 15) h. of or pertaining to money

C. Discuss the following questions with a partner. In giving your answers, try to use the italicized terms.

1.What is the difference between accounts receivable and accounts payable?

2.Why are accounts receivable and cash considered current assets while property and equipment are considered fixed assets? What do you think the difference between current and fixed assets?

3.The owners’ equity in a company equals assets minus liabilities. What is meant by owners’ (or stockholders’) equity?

4.If you were a manager, how would you use the balance sheet to evaluate you company’s financial condition?

5.What do you consider your personal assets? Do you have any liabilities? What are they?

Answer:

1.Accounts receivable is assets and accounts payable is liabilities.

2.Because they are easly changed into money.

3.Nett owning.

4.The manager know were the company is financial healthy.

5.Mobile.

Text Analysis

Look at the reading to answer these questions.

1.What does each of the following refer to?

LINES WORDS REFERENTS

1 they financial statement

9 this the owners’ share if a business

11 this the relationship of its assets

15 these three factors assets, liabilities and owners’ equity

2.In line 6, what are property, equipment, and accounts receivable examples of?

Assets

3.In line 7, what do suppliers and banks refer to?

To whom the company has depts..

4.In lines 5-7. two different phrases are used to incorporate example in the reading. What are these phrases?

a. Assets

b. Liabilities

5.Another method of clarification by example is the use of mathematical representations. From the reading, copy examples that use mathematical symbols.

a. The fundamental accounting equation.

b. Assets equal to liabilities plus owners’ equity.

6.In lines 28-31, two uses of the balance sheet are given. What are the key words that show each of these uses is in a different area? What uses does each word introduce?

KEYWORDS USES

Classification

Categories of the balance sheet can be classified to show the relationship between them. Fill in the following blanks based on the information provided in the reading and in Figure 1 (page 79).

Class: Assets Class: Liabilities

Members: Current assets Members: Current liabilities

Fixed assets Long-term liabilities

Class: Current assets Class: Current liabilities

Members: Cash Members: Accounts payable

Accounts receivable Income taxes payable

Inventories

Class: Fixed assets Class: Long-term liabilities

Members: Property Members: Bonds

Buildings Long-term notes

Equipment

Application

Using the information in the reading, answer the following questions. Give reasons to support your answers.

1.Which of the following is not a fixed assets: office equipment, machinery, marketable securities, land, and buildings? Why?

Marketable securities. Because its easy to change into money.

2.Are the following liabilities current or long-term: bank loans payable, accounts payable, mortgage bonds payable, taxes payable, and long-term notes payable? List each under the correct heading.

CURRENT LIABILITIES LONG-TERM LIABILITIES

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis (SOFT SKILL) 2

Name : dony Arizki
Class : 3 DB 01
NPM : 30107530

AN ACCOUNTING OVERVIEW

Accounting is frequently called the “language of business” because of its ability to communicate financial information abaout an organization. Various interested parties, such as managers, potential investors, creditors, and the government, depend on a company’s accounting system to help them make informed financial decisions. An affective accounting system, therefore, must include accurate collecting, recording, classifying, summarizing, interpreting, and reporting of information on the financial status of an irganization.

In order to achieve a standardized system, the accounting process follows accounting principles and rules. Regardless of the type of business or the amount of money involved, common procedures for handling and presenting financial information are used. Incoming money (revenues) and outgoing money (expenditures) are carefully monitored, and transaction are summarized in financial statements, which reflect the major financial activities of an organization.

Two common financial statements are the balance sheet and the income statement. The balance sheet shows the financial position of a company at one point in time, while the income statement shows financial performance of a company over a period of time. Financial statement allow interested parties to compare one organization to another and/or to compare accounting periods within one organization. For example, an investor may compare the most recent income statements of two corporations in order to find out which one would be a better investement.

People who specialize in the field of accounting are known as accountants. In the United States, accountants are usually classified as public, private, or governmental. Public accountants work independently and provide accounting services such as auditing and tax computation to companies and individuals. Public accountants may earn the title of CPA(Certified Public Accountant) by fulfilling rigorous requirements. Private accountants work solely for private companies or corporations that hire them to maintain financial records, and governmental accountants work for governmental agencies or bureaus. Both private and governmental accountants are paid on a salary basis, whereas public accountants receive fees for their services.

Through effective application of commonly accepted accounting systems private, public, and govermmental accountants provide accurate and timely financial information that is necessary for organization decision making.


Comprehension
Answer the following question about accounting. Question with asterisks cannot be answered directly from the text.
why is accounting called the “language of business”?
How is a standardized accounting system achieved?
What are revenues and expenditures?
What do the balance sheet and income statement have in common? How are they different?
*How might the information contained in financial statements be useful to managers? *How might creditors use this information?
How are accountans classified in the United States?
What kinds of services do public accountants provide?

What is a CPA? *Do you have a similar type of position in your country? *Explain.
*Which type of accounting-public, private, or governmental-appeals to you the most? *Why?
*What are some management decisions that might be based on accounting information?


Answer :

1. According is called the “language of business” because of its ability to communicate financial information about on organization.

2. In order to achive a standardized accounting system the accounting process follows accounting principles and rules.

3. Revenues are incoming money and expenditures are outgoing money.

4. The balance sheet and the income statement are two common financial statement. They are different, the first shows the financial position of a company of one point of time, while the second shows the financial performance of a company over a period of time.

5. The information contained in financial statements might be usefull to creditors in help them to find out whether the company will be able to repay the credit on time or not.

6. In United States, accountants are classified as public, private, and governmental.

7. Public accountant provide accounting services such as auditing and tax computation to companies and individuals.

8. A CPA is a Certified Public Accountant. Yes, we had. Formerly faculty of economic graduates of 5 elite universities got ‘Drs….AK’ degree.

9. Personal question

10. In some company financial decision making might be based on accounting information. For example the management want to expands its business to build a bigger factory to introduce new variety of goods.

Circle the letter of the answer that best completes each of the sentences below.
Accounting information is used by ______to help them make financial decisions.

a. managers

b. potential investors

c. creditors

d. all of the above
Regardless of the type of business or the amount of money ivolved :

a. all companies use identical accounting systems

b. balance sheets are more important than income statements

c. common procedures are used in handling financial information

d. no standardized accounting system is employed

3. Business monetary transactions are summarized in :

a. bank books

b. financial statements

c. computers

d. cash registers

4. Public accountants may earn the title of CPA by :

a. becoming governmental accountans

b. paying a fee

c. fulfilling rigorous requirements

d. obtaining a Bachelor of arts degree in accounting

5. Private and governmental accountatnts are paid on a____basis.

a. salary

b. monthly

c. fee

d. weekly


Vacabulary Exercises
A. Subtitute appropriate terms for the italicized words or phrases in the sentences below.


status agencies monitored maintain independently

procedure fee hire rigorous solely


1. Many accounting departments have strict enterance requirements;

only the most qualified applicants are allowed to enter these

programs. rigorous

2. The particular method used to process employee insurance

claims may vary from company to company procedure

3. The stock market is closely watched every day. monitored

4. Rather than expand into foreign lines, the dress shop manager

chose to deal only with domestic fashion designers. solely

5. Although the consultant’s charge for services was high, his

guidance and advice were well worth the money. fee

6. The financial condition of a company is reflected in its financial

statements. status

7. When the business began to expand, a second bookkeeper was

brought in to help keep the books. maintain

8. In the United States there are numerous organizations that

provide services at the local, state, and national levels. agencies



B. Complete the sentences with the noun, verb, and adjective forms provided.

1. Communication/to communicate/communicative

a. Supervisor should strive for two-way communication with their

employees.

b. By using an overhead projector, the guest speaker was able to

communicate his statistical information clearly.

c. Because of the clerk’s highly developed communicative skills, she was

given a position that required her to deal directly with customers

2. Information/informed/informative

a. The owner informed his employees that they would all receive a 5 percent pay increase.

b. Getting Acquainted with Accounting, by John L. Carey, is very informative book.

c. Financial information is essential for organizational decision making.

3. Allowance/allowed/allowable
The supervisor lost control of his staff members after he allowed them to override his decisions.
When the factory was built 50 years ago, little allowance was made for remodeling and expansion.
Althought allowable, smoking was discouraged in the lunch room.

4. Fulfillment/fulfill/fulfilling
At times the assembly line worker felt a lack of profesiomal fulfillment
When he was promoted to production supervisor, however, his job became much more fulfilling.
Before the accountant could became a CPA, she had to fulfill a number of requirements.

5. Standars/has standardized/standard
The standard paper size in United States for business letters and memorands is 8,5 x 11 inches.
The computer department has standardized its procedures for storting and retrieving data.
Nowadays rigorous standards are enforced in the area of food processing and packaging.

C. Fill in the blanks below with the most appropriate terms the list.


parties financial statement reflected standardized allows

whereas interpretations informed communicates rigorous


An income statement is one example of a financial statement, it communicates financial information about a company over a period of time. A standardized format

Is used to present the financial information. This allows interested parties to compare one income statement to another in order to make informed financial decisions. But there is still a great deal of risk involved in financial decision making because the information reflected in an income statement is object to variety of interpretations.


Look at the reading to answer these questions.

What does each of the following refer to?

LINES WORDS REFERENTS

1 its accounting

4 them whereas parties

19 another corporation

21 one organization

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis at softskill

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS


A company often becomes involved in international trade by exchanging goods or services with another country-importing raw materials it may need for production or exporting finished products to a foreign market. Establishing these trade relationships is the first step in the development of a multinational business. At this stage, however the corporation’s emphasis is still on the domestic market. As trade expands, the corporation’s dealing with companies or people outside the “home country” of that corporation increase.

The corporation then begins to view the whole world as a base for production and marketing operations. The next step in the development of a multinational business is focusing on the world market. The company may establish a foreign assembly plant, engage in contract manufacturing, or build a foreign manufacturing company or subsidiary. Therefore, a multinational corporation is a company that is primarily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.

Since World War II, multinational corporations have grown rapidly. The names and products of many of the multinational have become well-known in the world marketplace: International Business Machines (IBM), Royal Dutch Shell, Panasonic, Coca-Cola, and Volkwagen. Coca-Cola, for example, now has operations in more then 180 countries.

A multinational corporation operates in a complex business environment. Cultural, social, economic, political, and technological system vary from country to country. In order to operate successfully, a multinational company needs a basic understanding and appreciation of the foreign business environment.


Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions about multinationals. Questions with asteris (*) cannot be answered directly from the text.

1. What is the first step in the development of a multinational business?

2. Where is the comapany’s emphasis when it is simply trading with other countries?

3. What market does a multinational corporation focus on?

4. A company may establish its manufacturing operations in foreign countries? What are three forms that these operations may take?

5. What is a multinational corporation?

6 When have multinationals grown rapidly? *Why do you think they have experienced this period of rapid growth?

7. *What are some products that are produced by the following multinational corporations: IBM, Coca-Cola, Panasonic, Shell, and Volkswagen?

8. *Why does a multinational corporation operate in a more complex business environment than a domestic company?

9. *What are some of the social and political factors that can vary from country to country?

10. Why does a multinational corporation need a basic understanding of foreign business environments? *How can a multinational gain this understanding?


Answer:

A. 1. The first step (it) is establishing the trade relationship with another country.

2. The companies emphasis (it) is still on the domestic market.

3. A multinational corporation (it) focuses on the world market.

4. The three forms (they) are: It may establish a foreign assembly plant, engage in contract manufacturing, and build a foreign manufacturing company or a subsidiary.

5. A multinational corporation (it) is a company that is primary based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.

6. Multinationals (they) have grown rapidly since World War II. Because during the war many countries knew what recurces are scarce or abundant in other countries.

7. IBM: International Business Machines, Royal Dutch Shell oil, Panasonic electronic, Coca-Cola softdrink, Volkswagen automobiles.

8. Because a multinational corporation focuses on the world market, and each country has its own system: culturally, economically, politically and technologically. Where as a domestic company only operates in one country which its system its already familiar.

9. Socially: In Japan life time employment system is applied, where as in Indonesia contract system employment is used.

Politically: Thailand is monarchism, Indonesia is democratic.

10. In order to operate successfully. This understanding can be gained through market research.



B. Determine which of the following statement are true and which are false. Then put T

or F in the blanks. Rewrite false statements to make them true.

1. T Multinaltional corporations have grown rapidly since 1945.

2. F Any company engaged in international trade is a multinational business.

3. T In order to operate successfully, a multinational company needs to be aware of national and international business environments

4. F A multinational corporation focuses on its “home country,” or domestic market.

5. F A multinational company does not establish factories in foreign countries.






Vocabulary Exercises

A.Write down any terms that you did not understand in the reading. Find each term in the reading, look at its context, and try to figure out the meaning. Discuss these terms with your classmates.


B.Look at the terms in the left-hand colomn and find the correct synonyms or definiti-

Ons in the right-hand colomn. Copy the corresponding letters in the blanks.

1. j corporation (line 5) a. chiefly; principally

2. e expand (line 6) b. function in; work in

3. g view (line 8) c. change

4. i stage (line 5) d. a company having more than half of its stock

owned by another company

5. a primarily (line 13) e. increase the dimensions of

6. h base (line 8) f. growth; expansion

7. c vary (line 21) g. see; look at

8. d subsidiary (line 21) h. foundation

9. b operate in (line 20) i. a step in development

10.f development (line 4) j. a type of business organization formed by an

association of stockholders



C.Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with the most appropriate terms form the

list.

base operate in appreciation of expands

vary corporation development subsidiary

staged involved in view relationship


During the development of a corporation, the organizational structure may vary over time and pass through a number of stages . As the corporation grows, it expands its operations. It might become involved in setting up a subsidiary . Although the corporation still has a primary or “home base ,” establishment of a subsidiary allow the company to enter into new relationship with a view toward increasing its production and marketing capabilities.



Text Analysis

Look at the reading to answer these questions.

1.What does each of the following refer to?

LINES WORDS REFERENTS

2 it a company

5 this stage first step

17 IBM International Business Machine


2.Match the connective words or phrases with the appropriate functions.

c however (line 5) a. summarizing

d then (line 8) b. illustrating

a therefore (line 12) c. contrasting

b for example (line 18) d. sequencing information



3.Summarize the two general steps in the development of a multinational corporation.

a. establishing these trade relationship. (line 3-5)

b. focusing on the world market. (line 8-10)


4.Sometimes the definition of a term takes this form:

a controls the

A restrictive trade law → is → law → that → number of goods

imported or exported

that

term being defined → verb to be → class→ which → definition


This type of definition is known as a formal definition. In a formal definition the term or word being defined occurs first. It is followed by the verb to be (usually is ar are). Next the class states the general group that the term belongs to:


TERMS CLASSES

multinational corporation company

typewriter business machine

absolute advantage theory of specialization


After the class, either that or which is used. Finally, the definition itself includes information distinguishing this term other members of its class.


Write formal definitions for multinational corporation (page 56), corporation (page 57), and subsidiary (page 57).


a. A multinational corporation is a company that is primatily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.

b.

c.



5.Formal definitions may be shortened to a more general form, which includes less information. This is often called a semiformal definition. The class, that or which, and the verb to be are omitted.


A restrictive trade law → controls → the number of goods imported or exported

Term being defined → verb → definition





Change the formal definition from the previous exercise into semiformal definitions.


a A multinational corporation is primatily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.

b.

c.




TENSES


Pr – Present; Ps-Past; S-Simple; C-Continuous; F-Future; Pf-Perfect


1. Pr.S - He writes many letters everyday. (habitual action)

2. Ps.S - He wrote m.1 yesterday. (occurred in the past)

3. Pr.C - It is writing m.1 now. (is occurring right now)

4. Ps.C - He was writing m.1 when it rained yesterday. (two actions in the
past).
5. Pr.F - He will write m.1 tomorrow. (will happen in the future).

6. Ps.F - He would write m.1 yesterday, but he didn’t have time.

7. Pr.Pf - He has written m.1 already (has just happened now).

8. Ps.Pf - He had written m.1 when it rained yesterday. (two actions in the past)

9. Pr.Fc - He will be writing m.1 when you visit him tomorrow. (in the future)

10.Ps.Fc - He would be writing m.1 when you visited him yesterday. (in the past)

11.Pr.FPf - He will have written m.1 when you come tomorrow (in the future)

12.Ps.FPf - He would have written m.1 when you come yesterday. (in the past)

13.Pr.Pfc - He has been writing m.1 for two days until now. (continuosly from past
until now).
14.Ps.Pfc - He had been writting m.1 for two days until yesterday (continuosly

from past to past)

15.Pr.Fpf.C - He will have been writing m.1 for two days will tomorrow. (until in the

future)

16.Pr.F.Pfc - He would have been writing m.1 for two days until yesterday. (until in

the past)

analisis sistem informasi pada internet lounge gunadarma*

Analisis Sistem Informasi

Informasi

Informasi dapat diibaratkan sebagai darah yang mengalir di dalam tubuh manusia, seperti halnya informasi di dalam sebuah perusahaan yang sangat penting untuk mendukung kelangsungan perkembangannya, sehingga terdapat alasan bahwa informasi sangat dibutuhkan bagi sebuah perusahaan. Memahami konsep dasar informasi adalah sangat penting (vital) dalam mendesain sebuah sistem informasi yang efektif (effective business system). Menyiapkan langkah atau metode dalam menyediakan informasi yang berkualitas adalah tujuan dalam mendesain sistem baru.

Konsep Dasar Informasi

Terdapat beberapa definisi, antara lain :

1. Data yang diolah menjadi bentuk yang lebih berguna dan lebih berarti bagi yang menerimanya.
2. Sesuatu yang nyata atau setengah nyata yang dapat mengurangi derajat ketidakpastian tentang suatu keadaan atau kejadian.

Siklus Informasi

Untuk memperoleh informasi yang bermanfaat bagi penerimanya, perlu untuk dijelaskan bagaimana siklus yang terjadi atau dibutuhkan dalam menghasilkan informasi. Pertama-tama data dimasukkan ke dalam model yang umumnya memiliki urutan proses tertentu dan pasti, setelah diproses akan dihasilkan informasi tertentu yang bermanfaat bagi penerima (level management) sebagai dasar dalam membuat suatu keputusan atau melakukan tindakan tertentu, Dari keputusan atau tindakan tersebut akan menghasilkan atau diperoleh kejadian-kejadian tertentu yang akan digunakan kembali sebagai data yang nantinya akan dimasukkan ke dalam model (proses), begitu seterusnya. Dengan demikian akan membentuk suatu siklus informasi (information cycle)atau siklus pengolahan data (data processing cycles), seperti gambar berikut :

Gambar Siklus Informasi

Kualitas Informasi

Kualitas informasi (quality of information) sangat dipengaruhi atau ditentukan oleh beberapa hal penting, yaitu :

Relevan (relevancy)

Berarti informasi harus memberikan manfaat bagi pemakainya. Relevansi informasi untuk tiap-tiap orang satu dengan yang lainnya berbeda. Misalnya informasi mengenai sebab-musabab kerusakan mesin produksi kepada akuntan perusahaan adalah kurang relevan dan akan lebih relevan bila ditujukan kepada ahli teknik perusahaan

Akurat (accuracy)

Informasi harus bebas dari kesalahan-kesalahan dan tidak menyesatkan, dan harus jelas mencerminkan maksudnya. Ketidakakuratan dapat terjadi karena sumber informasi (data) mengalami gangguan atau kesengajaan sehingga merusak atau merubah data-data asli tersebut. Berarti informasi yang dihasilkan atau dibutuhkan harus memiliki kelengkapan yang baik, karena bila informasi yang dihasilkan sebagian-sebagian tentunya akan mempengaruhi dalam pengambilan keputusan atau menentukan tindakan secara keseluruhan, sehingga akan berpengaruh terhadap kemampuannya untuk mengontrol atau memecahkan suatu masalah dengan baik.

Tepat waktu (timeliness)

Informasi yang dihasilkan atau dibutuhkan tidak boleh terlambat. Informasi yang terlambat tidak mempunyai nilai yang baik, sehingga kalau digunakan sebagai dasar dalam pengambilan keputusan akan berakibat fatal atau kesalahan dalam keputusan dan tindakan. Kondisi demikian menyebabkan mahalnya nilai suatu informasi, sehingga kecepatan untuk mendapatkan, mengolah dan mengirimkannya memerlukan teknologi-teknologi terbaru.

Pengolahan Data

Adalah masa atau waktu yang digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan perubahan bentuk data menjadi informasi yang memiliki kegunaan .

Operasi yang dilakukan dalam pengolahan data :

1. Data input

Recording transaction data ke sebuah pengolahan data medium (contoh, punching number ke dalam kalkulator).

Coding transaction data ke dalam bentuk lain (contoh, converting atribut kelamin female ke huruf F).

Storing data or information untuk pengambilan keputusan (potential information for future).

2. Data transformation

Calculating, operasi aritmatik terhadap data field.

Summarizing, proses akumulasi beberapa data (contoh, menjumlah jumlah jam kerja setiap hari dalam seminggu menjadi nilai total jam kerja perminggu).

Classifying data group-group tertentu :

Categorizing data kedalam group berdasar karakteristrik tertentu (contoh, pengelompokkan data mahasiswa berdasar semester aktif).

Sorting data kedalam bentuk yang berurutan (contoh, pengurutan nomor induk karyawan secara ascending).

Merging untuk dua atau lebih set data berdasar kriteria tertentu (menggabungkan data penjualan bulan Januari, Februari dan Maret kedalam group triwulanan).

Matching data berdasar keinginan pengguna terhadap group data (contoh, memilih semua karyawan yang total pendapatannya lebih dari 15 juta pertahun).

3. Information output

Displaying result, menampilkan informasi yang dibutuhkan pemakai melalui monitor atau cetakan.

Reproducing, penyimpanan data yang digunakan untuk pemakai lain yang membutuhkan.

Telecommunicating, penyimpanan data secara elektronik melalui saluran komunikasi.

Gambar Proses Utama dan Fungsi Pengolahan Data

Sistem Informasi

Dapat didefinisikan sebagai

• Suatu sistem yang dibuat oleh manusia yang terdiri dari komponen-komponen dalam organisasi untuk mencapai suatu tujuan yaitu menyajikan informasi.
• Sekumpulan prosedur organisasi yang pada saat dilaksanakan akan memberikan informasi bagi pengambil keputusan dan/atau untuk mengendalikan organisasi.
• Suatu sistem di dalam suatu organisasi yang mempertemukan kebutuhan pengolahan transaksi, mendukung operasi, bersifat manajerial, dan kegiatan strategi dari suatu organisasi dan menyediakan pihak luar tertentu dengan laporan-laporan yang diperlukan.

Manfaat Sistem Informasi

1. Organisasi menggunakan sistem informasi untuk mengolah transaksi-transaksi, mengurangi biaya dan menghasilkan pendapatan sebagai salah satu produk atau pelayanan mereka.
2. Bank menggunakan sistem informasi untuk mengolah cek-cek nasabah dan membuat berbagai laporan rekening koran dan transaksi yang terjadi.
3. Perusahaan menggunakan sistem informasi untuk mempertahankan persediaan pada tingkat paling rendah agar konsisten dengan jenis barang yang tersedia.

Komponen Sistem Informasi

• Hardware

Terdiri dari komputer, periferal (printer) dan jaringan.

• Software

Merupakan kumpulan dari perintah/fungsi yang ditulis dengan aturan tertentu untuk memerintahkan komputer melaksanakan tugas tertentu. Software dapat digolongkan menjadi Sistem Operasi (Windows 95 dan NT), Aplikasi (Akuntansi), Utilitas (Anti Virus, Speed Disk), serta Bahasa (3 GL dan 4 GL).

• Data

Merupakan komponen dasar dari informasi yang akan diproses lebih lanjut untuk menghasilkan informasi.

• Prosedur

Dokumentasi prosedur/proses sistem, buku penuntun operasional (aplikasi) dan teknis.

• Manusia

Yang terlibat dalam komponen manusia seperti operator, pemimpin sistem informasi dan sebagainya. Oleh sebab itu perlu suatu rincian tugas yang jelas.

Fase Analisis Sistem

Dalam fase ini :

• Dilakukan proses penilaian, identifikasi dan evaluasi komponen dan hubungan timbal-balik yang terkait dalam pengembangan sistem; definisi masalah, tujuan, kebutuhan, prioritas dan kendala-kendala sistem; ditambah identifikasi biaya, keuntungan dan estimasi jadwal untuk solusi yang berpotensi.

• Fase analisis sistem adalah fase profesional sistem melakukan kegiatan analisis sistem.

• Laporan yang dihasilkan menyediakan suatu landasan untuk membentuk suatu tim proyek sistem dan memulai fase analisis sistem.

• Tim proyek sistem memperoleh pengertian yang lebih jelas tentang alasan untuk mengembangkan suatu sistem baru

• Ruang lingkup analisis sistem ditentukan pada fase ini. Profesional sistem mewawancarai calon pemakai dan bekerja dengan pemakai yang bersangkutan untuk mencari penyelesaian masalah dan menentukan kebutuhan pemakai.

• Beberapa aspek sistem yang sedang dikembangkan mungkin tidak diketahui secara penuh pada fase ini, jadi asumsi kritis dibuat untuk memungkinkan berlanjutnya siklus hidup pengembangan sistem.

• Pada akhir fase analisis sistem, laporan analisis sistem disiapkan. Laporan ini berisi penemuan-penemuan dan rekomendasi. Bila laporan ini disetujui, tim proyek sistem siap untuk memulai fase perancangan sistem secara umum. Bila laporan tidak disetujui, tim proyek sistem harus menjalankan analisis tambahan sampai semua peserta setuju.

Analisis Sistem Informasi

Pada Internet Lounge Gunadarma

Internet lounge adalah ruang yang dapat digunakan oleh mahasiswa untuk akses internet secara gratis. Fasilitas ini terdapat di kampus D, kampus E dan kampus J. Fasilitas ini dapat digunakan mahasiswa dengan menunjukkan Kartu Mahasiswa dan sebelumnya mahasiswa tersebut sudah mengaktifkan studentsite. Selama berada di lounge, mahasiswa wajib mentaati tata tertib yang telah ditentukan.

Koneksi server kampus D dan kampus E terintegrasi dengan mainframe kampus D. Sedangkan koneksi kampus J ditembakkan melalui gelombang microwave dari kampus D.

Berikut ini adalah sistem informasi yang kami dapat setelah kami melakukan analisa di internet lounge kampus E :

• Sistem jaringan yang dipakai pada internet lounge adalah Client Server . Client Server adalah arsitektur jaringan yang memisahkan client (biasanya aplikasi yang menggunakan GUI) dengan server. Masing-masing client dapat meminta data atau informasi dari server.

• Kecepatan akses transfer data di internet lounge sebesar 25 kbps sampai 2 Mbps.

• Topologi yang dipakai adalah Star, server / client terintegrasi dengan kampus gunadarma lainya (Kampus D dan Kampus J).

• Adapun kelemahan yang ada pada system internet lounge, yaitu sering terjadi hang pada computer client, NPM mahasiswa yang di input sering kali tidak valid dengan database server, koneksi internet sering kali down.

Komponen Sistem Informasi Pada Internet Lounge

Hardware

Terdiri dari 1 server dan 47 computer client, dengan computer client yang aktif sebanyak 23 komputer (20 komputer di lantai atas dan 3 komputer di lantai bawah). Jaringan yang dipakai merupakan jaringan dengan tipe topologi star.

Software

Sistem operasi yang digunakan di internet lounge ada dua macam, yaitu Centos dan Ubuntu. Sistem operasi Centos digunakan untuk server dan sistem operasi Ubuntu digunakan untuk computer client.

Data

Data yang dipakai merupakan data mahasiswa yang sudah mengaktifkan studentsite.

Prosedur

Flowchart Internet Lounge

Manusia

Staff yang dipekerjakan perhari ada 6 orang dengan hitungan perjam, dimana perjam tersebut dijaga oleh 3 orang dan diawasi oleh seorang kordinator.

Pendapat Pengguna Internet Lounge

1. Nama : Bayu

Jurusan : Manajemen

Kelebihan yang ada di internet longue Mempermudah, Kualitas sudah baik dan kekurangan yang ada di internet longue waktunya terlalu cepat, kecepatannya kurang. Pesan untuk internet longue waktunya di perlama.

2. Nama : Karina

Jurusan : Manajemen

Kelebihan yang ada di internet longue bisa mencari informasi, tidak di pungut biaya dan kekurangan yang ada di internet longue fasilitas kurang memadai contohnya tidak ada tempat duduk. Pesan untuk internet longue bisa mengambil data dari computer.

3. Nama : Heri

Jurusan : Manajemen

Kelebihan yang ada di internet longue bisa browsing tanpa di pungut biaya dan kekurangan internet longue tempatnya kurang besar. Pesan untuk internet longue tempatnya di perbesar.

4. Nama : Tuti

Jurusan : Akuntansi

Kelebihan yang ada di internet longue browsing tanpa di pungut biaya dan kekurangan internet longue computer yang ada di internet longue kurang banyak. Pesan untuk internet longue tempatnya di perbesar dan computer di perbanyak.

5. Nama : Gandhi Dwi Krisnaji

Jurusan : Manajemen Informatika

Kelebihan yang ada di internet longue browsing tanpa di pungut biaya dan kekurangan internet longue tidak bisa mengambil data dari computer dan waktunya hanya sebentar. Pesan untuk internet longue bisa mengambil data dari computer dan computer di internet longue di perbanyak.